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This study attempted to identify the common trends for the 'black' and 'green' economic development of the major developed and developing countries as well as exceptions to these trends. It investigated these economies' energy and...
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This study attempted to identify the common trends for the 'black' and 'green' economic development of the major developed and developing countries as well as exceptions to these trends. It investigated these economies' energy and carbon dependences in the last 42 years and their renewable energy growths in the last ten years. In addition to the traditional concept of 'energy intensity', this study developed the terms of 'black energy intensity' and 'green energy intensity' to test the hypothesis that the decrease in the former and the increase in the latter indicated an economy's degree of transition to the sustainable development. It examined the major economies' green energy intensities both with and without hydropower. The results revealed however that only a few EU countries passed both tests. Based on the major economies' black energy intensities, carbon intensities, and green energy intensities, the study discussed their policy implications for these economies' transformation to the sustainable development.
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Energy-intensive industries play an important role in low-carbon development, being particularly exposed to climate policies. Concern over possible carbon leakage in this sector poses a major challenge for designing effective carb...
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Energy-intensive industries play an important role in low-carbon development, being particularly exposed to climate policies. Concern over possible carbon leakage in this sector poses a major challenge for designing effective carbon pricing instruments (CPI). Different methodologies for assessing carbon leakage exposure are currently used by different jurisdictions, each of them based on different approaches and indicators. This paper aims to analyse the extent to which the use of different methodologies leads to different results in terms of exposure to the risk of carbon leakage, using the Brazilian industry sector as a case study. Results indicate that carbon leakage exposure is an expected outcome of eventual CPI implementation in Brazilian industry. However, results vary according to the chosen methodology, so the definition of the criteria is paramount for assessing sectoral exposure to the risk of carbon leakage. Key policy insights Despite increasing discussion about the implementation of carbon pricing on the Brazilian industrial sector, the evaluation of carbon leakage risks is still neglected. Assessments of the risk of carbon leakage are directly related to the indicators and criteria used by each methodology. Thus, a given subsector may present different levels of exposure to carbon leakage depending on the methodological choice. More than a purely technical discussion, the methodological definition of carbon leakage risk is a political discussion - it can be well-conducted, leading to the success of a CPI, or even sabotaged, by implicitly subsidizing energy-intensive industries.
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This paper presents a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of energy policies and provides a contextual view of measures on energy polices in linking with the objective of a sustainable economy. Firstly, Taiwan's energy policy ...
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This paper presents a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of energy policies and provides a contextual view of measures on energy polices in linking with the objective of a sustainable economy. Firstly, Taiwan's energy policy is overviewed by analyzing the energy-related data to examine its deficit according to the framework presented. This paper finds that the energy policy adopted fails to attain the objective of a sustainable economy because energy consumption and CO_2 emissions still keep upward trends. It also concludes that an energy policy should focus on (1) improving energy efficiency, (2) reshaping industry structure and (3) improving energy structure. In other words, the energy policy maker should create an environment that can motivate the development of clean energy supply and utilization for the achievement of energy policy objectives.
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This paper uses the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) approach to decomposition analysis to identify the factors that influence changes in carbon dioxide (CO_2 ) emissions in the United States. The LMDI approach decomposes CO_...
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This paper uses the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) approach to decomposition analysis to identify the factors that influence changes in carbon dioxide (CO_2 ) emissions in the United States. The LMDI approach decomposes CO_2 emissions into specific determinants. The data set includes the 50 states plus the District of Columbia from 1998 - 2018. The five factors that influence the change in CO_2 emissions include the emissions per unit of fossil fuel consumption, share of fossil fuels in total energy consumption, energy intensity, GDP per capita, and population. The results indicate that, during the 20-year period, CO_2 emissions declined in 36 states plus the District of Columbia. The reduction in energy intensity served as the most important factor in the change of CO_2 emissions, offsetting 63 percent of the effects of per capita GDP and population. From the perspective of climate change, the importance of a change in energy intensity demonstrates the effectiveness of a decrease in primary energy consumption per unit of GDP.
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From the perspective of the development stage of China's economy and the context in which industrial restructuring is highly promoted in China's "Twelve Five-Year Plan", industrial structure adjustment is an effective way to balan...
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From the perspective of the development stage of China's economy and the context in which industrial restructuring is highly promoted in China's "Twelve Five-Year Plan", industrial structure adjustment is an effective way to balance economic growth and carbon reduction. The current study analysed the effects of industrial restructuring on carbon reduction in Jiangsu Province. Using input-output analysis, we calculated both direct and indirect carbon emissions in 1997, 2000, 2002, 2005 and 2007. The study aimed to classify Jiangsu's industrial sectors by the carbon reducing potential (CRP), which was indicated both by carbon reducing efficiency (CRE) and by the amount of carbon reduction (ACR), with a 1% decrease in the output of a certain industrial sector. The results indicate that the high CRE of a certain sector might be due to its high direct carbon intensity, indirect carbon intensity or high economic status. Based on the varying contexts, corresponding policy measures were provided. Moreover, export carbon emissions were abundant in sectors with the highest CRE, indicating the production of emissions due to consumption elsewhere.
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In the recent decades, most countries' CO_2 intensity has decreased, but their decline rates are significantly different. Based on the data set of 89 countries from 1980 to 2008, this paper tries to quantitatively investigate the ...
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In the recent decades, most countries' CO_2 intensity has decreased, but their decline rates are significantly different. Based on the data set of 89 countries from 1980 to 2008, this paper tries to quantitatively investigate the potential reasons for their differences, and discusses the possibility for developing countries to maintain a high carbon intensity reduction rate in the future as before. The econometric analysis implicate that (1) the decline rate of CO_2 intensity in countries with high initial carbon intensity will be higher, which means CO_2 intensity across the world has a significant convergence trend; and (2) keeping fast and steady economic growth can significantly help CO_2 intensity decline, yet total carbon dioxide emissions will grow dramatically. Therefore, with the two objectives of intensity reduction and total amount control, carbon abatement policies need to weigh one against another. The results are robust to the initial year selection and country classification.
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Energy and carbon emission intensities are derived from 1995 input-output table in Japan. Intensities of building materials such as gravel, concrete, plywood, steel and tiles are analyzed in detail. Consequently, the percentages o...
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Energy and carbon emission intensities are derived from 1995 input-output table in Japan. Intensities of building materials such as gravel, concrete, plywood, steel and tiles are analyzed in detail. Consequently, the percentages of carbon intensities from the direct energy input and the cargo transportation of those building materials are known. Also the percentages of CO_2 emission from the building industry and the civil engineering industry are calculated, which decreased to 9.5/100 and 9.7/100 of all CO_2 emission in Japan compared with 12.1/100 and 11/100 in 1990.
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Taiwan imports approximately 97.9% of its primary energy as rapid economic development has significantly increased energy and electricity demands. Increased energy efficiency is necessary for industry to comply with energy-efficie...
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Taiwan imports approximately 97.9% of its primary energy as rapid economic development has significantly increased energy and electricity demands. Increased energy efficiency is necessary for industry to comply with energy-efficiency indicators and benchmarking. Benchmarking is applied in this work as an analytical tool to estimate the energy-efficiency indicators of major energy-intensive industries in Taiwan and then compare them to other regions of the world. In addition, the carbon dioxide emission intensity in the iron and steel, chemical, cement, textile and pulp and paper industries are evaluated in this study. In the iron and steel industry, the energy improvement potential of blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) based on BPT (best practice technology) is about 28%. Between 2007 and 2011, the average specific energy consumption (SEC) of styrene monomer (SM), purified terephthalic acid (PTA) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was 9.6GJ/ton, 5.3 GJ/ton and 9.1 GJ/ton, respectively. The energy efficiency of pulping would be improved by 33% if BAT (best available technology) were applied. The analysis results can serve as a benchmark for these industries and as a base case for stimulating changes aimed at more efficient energy utilization.
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In this paper, a model of energy- environment-economic model based on dynamic CGE model is constructed after the linkage of dynamic CGE model and energy technology model, the choices of policy of energy conservation and carbon red...
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In this paper, a model of energy- environment-economic model based on dynamic CGE model is constructed after the linkage of dynamic CGE model and energy technology model, the choices of policy of energy conservation and carbon reduction to deal with the change of climate are analysed. Besides the improvement of technology of energy, if carbon taxation is employed, the goal to reduce its carbon intensity by 40% by 2020 compared with 2005 need to levy a tax of 60yuan per tonne, the simulations of this tax to carbon reduction, economic and income of residents are analysed under different circumstances, the results shows that there is a great impact on income of residents and reduction-intensive industries with a higher tax burden level.
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Carbon tax is one of ways to cut the emissions of GHG, which has already been employed by the west. To study the effect of carbon tax on energy conservation and carbon reduction in China, a new model is constructed based on dynami...
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Carbon tax is one of ways to cut the emissions of GHG, which has already been employed by the west. To study the effect of carbon tax on energy conservation and carbon reduction in China, a new model is constructed based on dynamic CGE model and the linkage of dynamic CGE model and energy technology model. Besides the improvement of technology of energy, if carbon taxation is employed, the goal to reduce its carbon intensity by 40% by 2020 compared with 2005 need to levy a tax of 60 yuan at least per tonne, the simulations of this tax to carbon reduction, economic and income of residents are analysed under different circumstances, the results shows that there is a great impact on income of residents and GDP with a higher tax burden level.
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